[72][73] While terrestrial mammals are generally unable to empty their lungs,[74] pinnipeds can reinflate their lungs even after complete respiratory collapse. 'Breeding and Maternal Behavior of the Steller’s Sea Lion (, Odell, D. K. "The Fight to Mate: Breeding strategy of California sea lions" in 172–173 of MacDonald (2001), Campagna, C. "Aggressive behavior, intraspecific", pp. What animal bites the head off baby rabbit and leaves it without eating any of it? [168] Several species that were commercially exploited have rebounded in numbers; for example, Antarctic fur seals may be as numerous as they were prior to harvesting. Otariids have visible external ears, while phocids and walruses lack these. The cornea has a flattened center where refraction is nearly equal in both water and air. The former also tend to be larger than the latter. [150] They demonstrate the ability to understand simple syntax and commands when taught an artificial sign language, though they only rarely used the signs semantically or logically. Some species, such as California and South American sea lions, may forage with cetaceans and sea birds. Even those that live in warm or tropical climates live in areas that become cold and nutrient rich due to current patterns. [78] In addition, the blood vessels in their flippers are adapted for countercurrent exchange. Their mystacial vibrissae have ten times the innervation of terrestrial mammals, allowing them to effectively detect vibrations in the water. It’s unnervingly common to find headless chickens in the pen. "Distribution", pp. They were also trapped in nets. [105] Walruses, despite being specialized for feeding on bottom-dwelling invertebrates, occasionally prey on Arctic seals. Elephant seals do not swim until weeks after they are weaned. The stoat is not afraid to take on prey more than five times its size. They can also turn their hind-flippers forward and "walk" on land. Other species may wait days or weeks before entering the water. This dimorphism manifests itself in larger chests and necks, longer canines and denser fur—all traits that help males in fights for females. [141] Male otariids have strong barks, growls, roars and "whickers". Pups of these species are weaned at lower weights than their phocid counterparts. [147] These differences are likely important for mothers and pups who need to remain in contact on crowded beaches. [183] Critics like the Humane Society object to the killing of the sea lions, claiming that hydroelectric dams pose a greater threat to the salmon. In addition, harbor seals may visit estuaries, lakes and rivers and sometimes stay as long as a year. There it ate its prey as darkness slowly enveloped the scene. [97] The leopard seal, a prolific predator of penguins, is known to violently swing its prey back and forth until it is dead. [175] There has been some debate over the cause of the decline of Steller sea lions in Alaska since the 1970s. [45] Fore-flipper movement is not continuous, and the animal glides between each stroke. While they are capable of hearing a wide range of frequencies (e.g. In the mid-nineteenth century, the species was thought to have gone extinct until a small colony was found near the Yucatán Peninsula in 1886. [86] Polar-living species haul out on to both fast ice and drift ice. [100] Though they can drink seawater, pinnipeds get most of their fluid intake from the food they eat. In this publication, he traced the history of names, gave keys to families and genera, described North American species and provided synopses of species in other parts of the world. These pollutants can cause gastrointestinal cancers, decreased reproductivity and greater vulnerability to infectious diseases. The former behavior is typical when hunting non-schooling fish, slow-moving or immobile invertebrates or endothermic prey. In water, true seals swim by moving their hind-flippers and lower body from side to side. This and its lack of orbital roof allow it to protrude its eyes and see in both frontal and dorsal directions. Snake. [12] The anterior end of an otariid's frontal bones extends between the nasal bones, and the supraorbital foramen is large and flat horizontally. Other species known to enter freshwater include California sea lions and South American sea lions.
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